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What is the hybridization of the central atom of each of the following molecules? Match the atoms below with their number—sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, sp3d2
COH2
H2S
PBr5
♦ Relevant knowledge
Orbital hybridization is based upon the idea that orbitals of atomic nature can be combined to form hybrid orbitals. The kind of hybrid orbitals created depends on the number of electron groups that have been bonded with the central atom. The combination that occurs between the central atom is what determines how the shape and structure of the molecules.
Electronic geometry can help explain the process of hybridization in organic compounds. Electronic geometry provides information about both the bond pair and the lone electron pair. Valence Shell Electron Pair Respulsion (VSEPR), theory can describe the geometry of a molecule.
The electronic and molecular geometry of a molecular molecule can be determined using a Lewis structure.
A Lewis structure is a skeletal arrangement that includes all elements and non-bonding electronic components. Two electrons signify one pair of electrons.
Below is the table that shows hybridization using electronic geometry with different combinations of bonds or lone pairs electrons on central atoms.
Number/Group of Atoms/Groups Attached to Central Atom
Numbering of the lone pair electrons on the central atom
Electron geometry
Hybridization the central atom
2
0
Linear
[katex]{\rm{sp}}[/katex]
3
0
Trigonal planar
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{2}}}[/katex]
2
1
Trigonal planar
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{2}}}[/katex]
4
0
Tetrahedral
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^3}[/katex]
3
1
Tetrahedral
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^3}[/katex]
2
2
Tetrahedral
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^3}[/katex]
5
0
Trigonal bipyramidal
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{3}}}{\rm{d}}[/katex]
4
1
Trigonal bipyramidal
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{3}}}{\rm{d}}[/katex]
3
2
Trigonal bipyramidal
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{3}}}{\rm{d}}[/katex]
2
3
Trigonal bipyramidal
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{3}}}{\rm{d}}[/katex]
6
0
Octahedral
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{3}}}{{\rm{d}}^{\rm{2}}}[/katex]
5
1
Octahedral
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{3}}}{{\rm{d}}^{\rm{2}}}[/katex]
4
2
Octahedral
[katex]{\rm{S}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{3}}}{{\rm{d}}^{\rm{2}}}[/katex]
Ans:
[katex]\begin{array}{l}\\{\rm{The}}\,{\rm{hybridization}}\,{\rm{of}}\,{\rm{the}}\,{\rm{central}}\,{\rm{atom}}\,{\rm{of}}\,{\rm{the}}\,{\rm{molecules}}\,{\rm{is:}}\\\\{\rm{CO}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}\,{\rm{ = }}\,{\rm{s}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{2}}}\\\\{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{S = s}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{3}}}\\\\{\rm{PB}}{{\rm{r}}_{\rm{5}}}{\rm{ = s}}{{\rm{p}}^{\rm{3}}}{\rm{d}}\\\end{array}[/katex]